![]() Some of this progress undoubtedly resulted directly from the Brown v. In many professions, the numbers of African Americans have risen substantially. At every educational level, black women earn more on average than their white female counterparts. The University of Maryland (my employer), an institution that once deemed Thurgood Marshall unfit for its law school, now confers more advanced degrees on African Americans than any other public institution in the country. ![]() Some of these advances have been stunning-and unimaginable from the perspective of the racial order that dominated America as recently as half a century ago. ![]() ![]() They have also encouraged the advance of blacks, nonblack minorities, and women in a broad array of major public and private institutions. ![]() For almost forty years, affirmative action programs have played an indispensable role in creating a larger, wealthier, and more varied black middle class than any that had previously existed in the United States. ![]()
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